FIVE YEAR PLANS

SUMMARY OF FIVE YEAR PLANS IN INDIA 

SINCE INDEPENDENCE  , THE INDIAN ECONOMY HAS BEEN PREMISED ON THE CONCEPT OF PLANNING. THIS HAS BEEN CARRIED THROUGH THE FIVE YEAR PLANS , DEVELOPED , EXECUTED , AND MONITORED BY THE PLANNING COMMISSION. WITH THE PRIME MINISTER AS THE EX-OFFICIO CHAIRMAN , THE COMMISSION HAS A NOMINATED DEPUTY CHAIRMAN , WHO HOLDS THE RANK OF A CABINET MINISTER. MONTEK SINGH AHLUWALIA IS CURRENTLY THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMISSION.TWELFTH PLAN IS CURRENTLY UNDERWAY.

HERE IS SUMMARY OF ALL FIVE YEAR PLAN:

PLAN	DURATION	OBJECTIVE	NOTES
FIRST PLAN	1951-56	DEVOLOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE	IT WAS BASED ON HARROD-DOMAR MODEL.
			COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM LAUNCHED IN 1952
			FOCUS ON AGRICULTURE , PRICE STABILITY , POWER AND TRANSPORT
			IT WAS A SUCCESSFUL PLAN PRIMARLY BECAUSE OF GOOD HARVESTS IN THE LAST TWO YEARS OF THE PLAN
SECOND PLAN	1956-61	INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT	ALSO CALLED MAHALANOBIS PLAN NAMED AFTER THE WELL KNOWN ECONOMIST
			FOCUS-RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION
			ADVOCATED HUGE IMPORTS THROUGH FOREIGN LOANS.
			SHIFTED BASIC EMPHASIS FROM AGRICULTURE TO INDUSTRY FAR TOO SOON.
			DURING THIS PLAN , PRICES INCREASED BY 30 %, AGAINST A DECLINE OF 13 % DURING THE FIRST PLAN
			TARGET GROWTH : 4.5% ACTUAL GROWTH :4.27 %
THIRD PLAN	1961-1966	AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT	AT ITS CONCEPTION , IT WAS FELT THAT INDIAN ECONOMY HAS ENTERED A TAKE-OFF STAGE.THEREFORE , ITS AIM WAS TO MAKE INDIA A ‘SELF RELIANT’ AND ‘SELF GENERATING’ ECONOMY
			BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF FIRST TWO PLANS , AGRICULTURE WAS GIVEN TOP PRIORITY TO SUPPORT THE EXPORTS AND INDUSTRY.
			CAMPLETE FAILURE IN REACHING THE TARGETS DUE TO UNFORESEEN EVENTS
			TARGET GROWTH: 5.6 % ACTUAL GROWTH: 2.84 %
THREE ANNUAL PLANS ( PLAN HOLIDAY FOR 3 YEARS )	1966-69	AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT	PREVAILING CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE AND SERIOUS FOOD SHORTAGE NECESSITATED THE EMPHASIS ON AGRICULTURE DURING THE ANNUAL PLANS
			DURING THESE PLANS A WHOLE NEW AGRICULTURAL STRATEGY WAS IMPLEMENTED. IT INVOLVING WIDE-SPREAD DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH-YEILDING VARIETIES OF SEEDS, EXTENSIVE USE OF FERTILIZERS.
			DURING THE ANNUAL PLANS ,  THE ECONOMY ABSORBED THE SHOCKES GENERATED DURING THE THIRD PLAN
			IT PAVED THE PATH FOR THE PLANNED GROWTH AHEAD.
FOURTH PLAN	1969-74	STABLE DEVELOPMENT	MAIN EMPHASIS WAS ON GROWTH RATE OF AGRICULTURE TO ENABLE OTHER SECTORS TO MOVE FORWARD
			FIRST TWO YEARS OF THE PLAN SAW RECORD PRODUCTION. THE LAST THREE YEARS DID NOT MEASURE UP DUE TO POOR MONSOON
			INFLUX OF BANGLADESHI REFUGEES BEFORE AND AFTER 1971 INDO-PAK WAR AS IMPORTANT ISSUE
			TARGET GROWTH: 5.7 % ACTUAL GROWTH:3.30 %
FIFTH PLAN	1974-79	ERADICATION OF POVERTY	THE FIFTH PLAN WAS PREPARED AND LAUNCHED BY D.D.DHAR
			IT PROPOSED TO ACHIEVE TWO MAIN OBJECTIVES: ‘ REMOVAL OF POVERTY’ ( GARIBI HATAO ) AND ‘ATTAINMENT OF SELF RELIANCE’
			PROMOTION OF HIGH RATE OF GROWTH ,  BETTER DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AND SIGNIFICANT GROWTH IN THE DOMESTIC RATE OF SAVINGS WERE SEEN AS KEY INSTRUMENTS
			THE PLAN WAS TERMINATEDIN 1978 (INSTEAD OF 1979) WHEN JANTA PARTY GOVT.ROSE TO POWER.
			TARGET GROWTH: 4.4 % ACTUAL GROWTH: 3.8 %
SIXTH PLAN	1980-95	ERADICATION OF POVERTY AND UNEMPLOYMENT	FOCUS ON INCREASE IN NATIONAL INCOME , MODERNIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY ,  ENSURING CONTINUOUS DECREASE IN POVERTY AND UNEMPLOYMENT , POPULATION CONTROL THROUGH FAMILY PLANNING ..etc
			TARGET GROWTH : 5.2 % ACTUAL GROWTH : 5.66 %
SEVENTH PLAN	1985-1990	ERADICATION OF POVERTY	FOCUS ON RAPID GROWTH IN FOOD- GRAINS  PRODUCTION , INCREASED EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND PRODUCTIVITY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF BASIC TENANTS OF PLANNING.
			THE PLAN WAS VERY SUCCESSFUL , THE ECONOMY RECORDED 6 % GROWTH
			TARGET GROWTH : 5 % ACTUAL GROWTH :6.01%
EIGHTH PLAN	1992-1997	HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT	THE PLAN WAS POSTPONED BY TWO YEARS BECAUSE OF POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY AT THE CENTRE.
			WORSENING BALANCE OF PAYMENT POSITION AND INFLATION DURING 1990-91 WERE THE KEY ISSUES DURING THE LAUNCH OF THE PLAN
			THE PLAN UNDERTOOK DRASTIC POLICY MEASURES TO COMBAT THE BAD ECONOMIC SITUATION AND TO UNDERTAKE AN ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH OF 5.6 %
			SOME OF THE MAIN ECONOMIC OUTCOMES DURING EIGHTH PLAN PERIOD WERE RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH , HIGH GROWTH OF AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTOR , AND MANUFACTURING SECTOR , GROWTH IN EXPORTS AND IMPORTS , IMPROVEMENT IN TRADE AND CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT.
NINTH PLAN	1997-2002	INCREASE IN GROWTH RATE	IT WAS DEVELOPED IN THE CONTEXT OF FOUR IMPORTANT DIMENSIONS: QUALITY OF LIFE , GENERATION OF PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT , REGIONAL BALANCE AND SELF- RELIANCE.
			TARGET GRWOTH : 6.5 % ACTUAL GROWTH :5.35 %
TENTH PLAN	2002-2007	ERADICATION OF POVERTY AND CREATION OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES	8 % AVERAGE GDP GROWTH FOR THE PERIOD
			MORE INVESTOR FRIENDLY FLEXIBLE ECONOMIC REFORMS
			UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION
			CREATION OF 50 MILLIN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE PLAN PERIOD.
			MOBILIZING AND OPTIMIZING ALL FINANCIAL RESOURCES.
ELEVENTH PLAN	2007-2012	DEVELOPMENT IN PRIMARY FACILITY	ACCELERATE GDP GROWTH FROM 8 5 TO 10 %
			REDUCE DROPOUT RATES  OF CHILDREN FROM ELEMENTARY SCHOOL FROM 52.2% TO 20 % BY 2012
			CREATE 70 MILLION NEW WORK OPPORTUNITIES
			ENSURE ELECTRICITY  CONNECTION TO ALL VILLAGES
TWELTH PLAN	2012-2017	STABLE DEVELOPMENT	AVERAGE GROWTH RATE HAS BEEN SET AT 8.2 %
			GROWTH RATE HAS BEEN LOWERED TO 8.2 % FROM THE 9 % PROJECTED EARLIER.
			SEEKS TO ACHIEVE 4 % AGRICULTURE SECTOR GROWTH DURING THE PLAN PERIOD
			PLANS TO BRING DOWN THE POVERTY RATIO BY 10 %
			THE OUTLAY ON HEALTH WOULD INCLUDE INCREASED SPENDING IN RELATED AREAS OF DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION.

QUOTES BY NELSON MANDELA

11 INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES BY NELSON MANDELA

DURING HIS LONG LIFE NELSON MANDELA INSPIRED COUNTLESS INDIVIDUALS. HE INSPIRED US WITH NUMEROUS WORDS OF WISDOM , ETCHED IN OUR MEMORIES TILL TOMORROW. AND HIS WORDS REMAIN EVERGREEN. HERE IS A COLLECTION OF QUOTES THAT PERSONIFY HIS SPIRIT.

•   " IT ALWAYS SEEMS  IMPOSSIBLE UNTIL IT'S DONE "

•  " I AM FUNDAMENTALLY AN OPTIMIST.WHETHER THAT COMES FROM NATURE OR NURTURE ,  I CANNOT SAY.PART OF BEING OPTIMISTIC IS KEEPING ONE'S HEAD POINTED TOWARDS THE SUN , ONE'S FEET MOVING FORWARD.THERE WERE MANY DARK MOMENTS WHEN MY FAITH IN HUMANITY WAS SORELY TESTED , BUT I WOULD NOT AND COULD NOT GIVE MYSELF UP TO DESPAIR. THAT WAY LAYS DEFEAT AND DEATH. "

•  " I LEARNED THAT COURAGE WAS NOT THE ABSENCE OF FEAR ,  BUT THE TRIUMPH OVER IT. THE BRAVE MAN IS NOT HE WHO DOES NOT FEEL AFRAID , BUT HE WHO CONQUERS THAT FEAR. "

•  "EDUCATION IS THE MOST POWERFUL WEAPON WHICH YOU CAN USE TO CHANGE THE WORLD "

•  "REAL LEADERS MUST BE READY TO SACRIFICE ALL FOR THE FREEDOM OF THEIR PEOPLE "

•  " A FUNDAMENTAL CONCERN FOR OTHERS IN OUR INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY LIVES WOULD GO A LONG WAY IN MAKING THE WORLD THE BETTER PLACE WE SO PASSIONATELY DREAMT OF."

• " FOR TO BE FREE IS NOT MERELY TO CAST OFF ONE'S CHAINS , BUT TO LIVE IN A WAY THAT RESPECTS AND ENHANCES THE FREEDOM OF OTHERS "

• " DO NOT JUDGE ME BY MY SUCCESSES , JUDGE ME BY HOW MANY TIMES I FELL DOWN AND GOT BACK UP AGAIN "

• " THERE IS NO PASSION TO BE FOUND PLAYING SMALL-IN SETTLING FOR A LIFE THAT IS LESS THAN THE ONE YOU ARE CAPABLE OF LIVING "

• " MONEY WON'T CREATE SUCCESS  , THE FREEDOM TO MAKE IT WILL. "

• " MAN'S GOODNESS IS A FLAME THAT CAN BE HIDDEN BUT NEVER EXTINGUISHED "

Also Read :Nelson Mandela - Biography

NELSON MANDELA

BIOGRAPHY OF NELSON MANDELA

• NELSON MANDELA WAS SOUTH AFRICAN ANTI-APARTHEID REVOLUTIONARY , POLITICIAN AND PHILANTHROPIST WHO SERVED AS PRESIDENT OF SOUTH AFRICA FROM 1994-1999.
• HE WAS BORN ON 18^th JULY 1918.
• HE ATTENDED PRIMARY SCHOOL IN QUNU WHERE HIS TEACHER MISS MDINGANE GAVE HIM THE NAME NELSON , IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CUSTOM TO GIVE ALL SCHOOL CHILDREN "CHRISTIAN" NAMES.
• HE BEGAN HIS STUDIES FOR BA DEGREE AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FORT HARE BUT DID NOT COMPLETE THE DEGREE THERE HE WAS EXPELLED  FOR JOINING IN A STUDENT MOVEMENT.HE COMPLETED HIS BA THROUGH THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA.
• HE BEGAN STUDYING FOR AN LLB AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND.BY HIS OWN ADMISSION HE WAS POOR STUDENT AND LEFT THE UNIVERSITY IN 1952 WITHOUT GRADUATING. HE ONLY STARTED STUDYING AGAIN THROUGH THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON AFTER HIS IMPRISONMENT IN 1962 BUT ALSO DID NOT COMPLETE THAT DEGREE.HE OBTAINED AN LLB THROUGH THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA IN 1989 ,  IN THE LAST MONTHS OF HIS IMPRISONMENT.
• NELSON MANDELA ,  WHILE INCREASINGLY POLITICALLY INVOLVED FROM 1942 , ONLY JOINED THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS IN 1944 WHEN HE HELPED TO FORM THE ANC YOUTH LEAGUE.
• IN 1944 HE MARRIED WALTER SISULU'S COUSIN EVELYN MASE , A NURSE . THEY HAD TWO SONS AND TWO DAUGHTERS. HE AND HIS WIFE DIVORCED IN 1958.
• HE ROSE THROUGH THE RANKS OF THE ANYCL AND THROUGH ITS EFFORTS, THE ANC ADOPTED A MORE RADICAL MASS-BASED POLICY, THE PROGRAMME OF ACTION IN 1949.
• IN 1952 HE WAS CHARGED UNDER THE SUPPRESSION OF COMMUNISM ACT FOR HIS PART IN A CAMPAIGN  AGAINST SIX UNJUST LAWS AND SENTENCED TO NINE MONTHS HARD LABOUR,
• A TWO-YEAR DEPLOMA IN LAW ON TOP OF HIS BA ALLOWED NELSON MANDELA TO PRACTICE LAW, AND IN AUGUST 1952 HE AND OLIVER TAMBO ESTABLISHED SOUTH AFRICA'S FIRST BLACK LAW FIRM.
• AT THE END OF 1952 HE WAS BANNED FOR THE FIRST TIME.AS A RESTRICTED PERSON HE WAS ONLY PERMITTED TO WATCH IN SECRET AS THE FREEDOM CHARTER WAS ADOPTED IN KLIPTOWN ON 26 JUNE 1955.
• HE WAS ARRESTED IN A COUNTRYWIDE POLICE SWOOP ON 5 DECEMBER 1955, WHICH LED TO THE 1956 TREASON TRIAL.
• ON 21 MARCH 1960 POLICE KILLED 69 UNARMED PEOPLE IN A PROTEST IN SHARPEVILLE AGAINST THE PASS LAWS.THIS LED TO THE COUNTRY'S FIRST STATE OF EMERGENCY AND THE BANNING OF THE ANC AND THE PLAN AFRICANIST CONGRESS ON 8 APRIL.HE AND HIS COLLEAGUES IN THE TREASON TRAIL WERE AMONG THOUSANDS DETAINED DURING THE STATE OF EMERGENCY.
• DURING THE TRIAL ON 14 JUNE 1958 NELSON MANDELA MARRIED A SOCIAL WORKER , WINNIE MADIKIZELA . THEY HAD TWO DAUGHTERS. THEY DIVORCED IN 1996.
• AS SOON AS HE AND HIS COLLEAGUES WERE ACQUITTED IN THE TREASON TRAIL NELSON MANDELA WENT UNDERGROUND AND BEGAN PLANNING A NATIONAL STRIKE  FOR 29,30,31 MARCH.IN THE FACE OF MASSIVE MOBILIZATION OF STATE SECURITY THE STRIKE WAS CALLED OFF EARLY.
• \IN JUNE 1961 HE WAS ASKED TO LEAD THE ARMED STRUGGLE AND HELPED TO ESTABLISH UMKHONTO WESIZWE WHICH LAUNCHED ON 16 DECEMBER 1961 WITH A SERIES OF EXPLOSIONS.
• ON 11 JANUARY 1962 , USING AN ADOPTED NAME DAVID MOTSAMAYI, HE SECRETLY LEFT SOUTH AFRICA. HE TRAVELLED AROUND AFRICA AND VISITED ENGLAND TO GAIN SUPPORT FOR THE ARMED STRUGGLE.
• HE RECEIVED MILITARY TRAINING IN MOROCCO AND ETHOPIA AND RETURNED TO SOUTH AFRICA IN JULY 1962.
• HE WAS ARRESTED IN A POLICE ROADBLOCK OUTSIDE HOWICK ON AUGUST 5 WHILE RETURNING TO SOUTH AFRICA.
• HE WAS CHARGED WITH LEAVING THE COUNTRY ILLEGALLY AND INCITING WORKERS TO STRIKE.HE WAS CONVICTED AND SENTENCED TO FIVE YEAR IMPRISONMENT WHICH HE BEGAN SERVING IN THE PRETORIA LOCAL PRISON.
• ON 9 OCTOBER 1963 NELSON MANDELA JOINED TEN OTHERS ON TRIAL FOR SABOTAGE IN WHAT BECAME KNOWN AS THE RIVONIA TRIAL.WHILE FACING THE DEATH PENALTY HIS WORDS TO THE COURT AT THE END OF HIS FAMOUS "SPEECH FROM THE DOCK" ON 20 APRIL 1964 BECAME IMMORTALISED:

" I HAVE FOUGHT AGAINST WHITE DOMINATION,  AND I HAVE FOUGHT AGAINST BLACK DOMINATION.I HAVE CHERISHED THE IDEAL OF A DEMOCRATIC AND FREE SOCIETY IN WHICH ALL PERSONS LIVE TOGETHER IN HARMONY AND WITH EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES.IT IS AN IDEAL WHICH I HOPE TO LIVE FOR AND TO ACHIEVE.BUT IF NEEDS BE , IT IS AN IDEAL FOR WHICH I AM PREPARED TO DIE. "

• ON 11 JUNE 1964 NELSON MANDELA AND SEVEN OTHER ACCUSED WERE CONVICTED AND THE NEXT DAY WERE SENTENCED TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT, AND WENT TO ROBBEN ISLAND.
• HE WAS NOT ALLOWED TO ATTEND THE FUNERALS OF HIS MOTHER AND HIS ELDEST SON.
• ON 31 MARCH 1982 HE WAS TRANSFERRED TO POLLSMOOR PRISON IN CAPE TOWN WITH SISULU , MHLABA AND MLANGENI.WHEN HE RETURNED TO THE PRISON IN NOVEMBOR 1985 AFTER PROSTATE SURGERY NELSON MANDELA WAS HELD ALONE.
• ON 12 AUGUST 1988 HE WAS TAKEN TO HOSPITAL WHERE HE WAS DIAGONIZED WITH TUBERCULOSIS.AFTER MORE THAN THREE MONTHS IN TWO HOSPITALS HE WAS TRANSFERRED ON 7 DECEMBER 1988 TO A HOUSE AT VICTOR VERSTER PRISON NEAR PAARL WHERE HE SPENT HIS LAST 14 MONTHS OF IMPRISONMENT.
• HE WAS RELEASED FROM ITS GATES ON SUNDAY 11 FEBRUARY 1990.THROUGHT HIS IMPRISONMENT HE HAD REJECTED AT LEAST THREE CONDITIONAL OFFERS OF RELEASE.
• NELSON MANDELA IMMERSED HIMSELF IN OFFICIAL TALKS TO END WHITE MINORITY RULE AND IN 1991 WAS ELECTED AS ANC PRESIDENT.
• IN 1993 HE  WON THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR PEACE.
• ON 27 APRIL 1994 HE VOTED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HIS LIFE.
• ON 10 MAY 1994 HE WAS INAGURATED SOUTH AFRICA'S FIRST DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED PRESIDENT.
• ON HIS 80th BIRTHDAY HE MARRIED GRACA MACHEL, HIS THIRD WIFE.
• TRUE TO HIS PROMISE NELSON MANDELA STEPPED DOWN IN 1999 AFTER ONE TERM AS PRESIDENT.
• HE CONTINUED TO WORK WITH THE NELSON MANDELA CHILDREN'S FUND HE SET UP IN 1995 AND ESTABLISHED THE NELSON MANDELA FOUNDATION AND THE MANDELA RHODES FOUNDATION.
• NELSON MANDELA NEVER WAVERED IN HIS DEVOTION TO DEMOCRACY , EQUALITY AND LEARNING.DESPITE TERRIBLE PROVOCATION, HE NEVER ANSWERED RACISM WITH RACISM.
• HIS LIFE IS AN INSPIRATION TO ALL WHO ARE OPPRESSED AND DEPRIVED.
• HE DIED IN JOHANNESBURG ON 5 DECEMBER 2013.

Also Read :11 Inspirational Quotes by Nelson Mnadela

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

FACTS ABOUT INDIAN GEOGRAPHY

INDIA IS THE  SEVENTH LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD WHICH MAKES IT OBVIOUS FOR THE COUNTRY TO HAVE VAST GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES.

THE COUNTRY COVERS AN AREA OF 32,87,590  SQUARE KILOMETERS. INDIA OCCUPIES 73.2 % OF SOUTH ASIA BY AREA

THE MAIN LAND OF INDIA EXTENDS BETWEEN 8° 4 'N &37° 6  '  NORTH LATITUDE AND 68° 7 ' & 97° 25  ' EAST LONGITUDES.

THE TROPIC OF CANCER 23° 30 ' N DIVIDES INDIA ALMOST INTO TWO HAVES

LAND FRONTIER OF THE COUNTRY IS 15,200 KILOMETERS AND THE TOTAL LENGTH OF THE COASTLINE IS 7,517 KILOMETERS

THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA CAN BE DIVIDED INTO FIVE PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS 

• THE NORTHERN  MOUNTAINS 

                 GREAT ARC OF MOUNTAINS CONSISTING OF THE HIMALAYAS , HINDU KUSH AND PATKAI RANGES DEFINE THE NORTHERN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT. THESE WERE FORMED BY THE ONGOING TECTONIC COLLISION OF THE INDIAN AND EURASIAN PLATES

• INDO GANGETIC PLAINS

LARGE ALLUVIAL PLAINS DOMINATED BY THREE MAIN RIVERS, THE INDUS , GANGES , AND BRAHMAPUTRA. ALSO CALLED AS GREAT PLAINS. THEY RUN PARALLEL TO THE HIMALAYAS, FROM JAMMU AND KASHMIR IN THE WEST TO ASSAM IN THE EAST.

• THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU

ITS BIGGEST PART IS KNOWN AS THE  DECCAN PLATEAU, COMPRISING THE MOST PART OF SOUTHERN PORTION OF THE NATION. THE PLATEAU ASCENDS 100 METERS IN THE NORTH , ASCENDING FURTHER TO OVER 1,000 METERS TO SOUTH , CREATING AN ELEVATED TRIANGLE SITUATED IN THE WELL-KNOWN DOWNHILL-MOVING TRIANGLE OF THE SEASHORE OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT.

• THAR DESERT

THE THAR DESERT IS BY SOME CALCULATIONS THE WORLD'S SEVENTH LARGEST DESERT , BY OTHERS THE TENTH. IT FORMS A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF WESTERN INDIA AND COVERS AN AREA OF 200,000 TO 238,700 km2

• THE COASTAL PLAINS

CONSIST OF EASTERN AND WESTERN COASTAL PLAINS

INDIA FACTS
TOTAL AREA	3,287,263 Km2
NUMBER OF STATES	29
LARGEST STATE	RAJASTHAN (342240 sq Km)
SMALLEST STATE	GOA (3702 sq Km)
TERRITORIAL SEA	12 nm (nautical miles)
CONTIGUOUS ZONE	24 nm
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE	200 nm
CONTINENTAL SHELF	200 nm
LONGEST RIVER	GANGA
LARGEST LAKE	LAKE CHILKA
HIGHEST POINT	Mt.K² (8611)
HIGHEST POINT OF HIMALAYA	KANCHAN JUNGA (8,598 m)
LOWEST POINT	KUTTANAD (-2.2 m)
NORTHERNMOST POINT	SIACHIN GLACIER NEAR KARAKORAM
SOUTHERNMOST POINT	INDIRA POINT, GREAT NICOBAR,ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS
SOUTHERNMOST POINT (MAINLAND)	CAPE COMORIN ( KANYA KUMARI)
WESTERNMOST POINT	WEST OF GHUAR MOTA , GUJARAT
EASTERNMOST POINT	KIBITHU , ARUNACHAL PRADESH
HIGHEST ALTITUDE	KANCHENJUNGA , SIKKIM
LOWEST ALTITUDE	KUTTANAD (KERALA)

RENAISSANCE OF KERALA

QUESTIONS RELATED TO RENAISSANCE IN KERALA

• EZHAVA MEMORIAL SUBMITTED TO THE MAHARAJA ON

SEPTEMBER 3,1896

• WHO IS THE ONLY KERALITE MENTIONED IN THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MAHATMA GANDHI

BARRISTER G P PILLAI

• THE PEN NAME OF BARRISTER PILLAI IS

ORU RAJYA SNEHI

• WHO PUBLISHED THE PAMPHLET TRAVANCORE FOR TRAVANCORE

BARRISTER G P PILLAI

• HINDU PULAYA SAMAJAM WAS FOUNDED BY

KURUMBAN DAIVATHAN IN 1917

• KURUMBAN DAIVATHAN'S BIOGRAPHY IS KNOWN AS

NAVODHANATHINTE SOORYATHEJUS

• THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION EZHAVA SAMAJAM FOUNDED BY

T K MADHAVAN

• VAIKOM SATHYAGRAHA LAUNCHED IN THE YEAR

1924

• T.K.MADHAVAN ELECTED AS THE SECRETARY OF SNDP YOGAM ON

1927

• WHO IS THE FOUNDER OF TRAVANCORE CHERAMAR MAHAJANSABHA

PAMPADY JOHN JOSEPH, STARTED ON 1921

• SADHU JANA DHOOTHAN MAGAZINE PUBLISHED BY

PAMPADY JOHN JOSEPH

• WHO IS POPULARLY KNOWN AS 'KERALA LINCOLN'

PANDIT KARUPPAN

• WHO IS POPULARLY KNOWN AS 'KERALA KALIDASAN'

KERALA VARMA VALIYA KOIL THAMPURAN

• FAMOUS WORK BY PANDIT KARUPPAN WHICH CRITICISED THE PREVAILING CASTE SYSTEM IN KERALA

JATHIKUMMI

• FOUNDER OF ARAYA SAMAJAM

PANDIT KARUPPAN ON 1907

• PANDIT KARUPPAN STARTED REGIONAL SOCIAL REFORM GROUPS COMMONLY KNOWN AS

SABHAS

• THE FIRST SABHA ORGANIZED BY PANDIT KARUPPAN AS

KALYANA DHAYANI SABHA , ANAPPUZHA

• WHO WROTE THE FAMOUS BOOK ARAYA PRASASTHI ?

PANDIT KARUPPAN

• WHO IS THE FOUNDER OF ARAYA VAMSA PARIPALANA YOGAM

Dr. VELUKKUTY ARAYAN

• WHO IS THE FOUNDER OF AKHILA THIRUVITHAMCORE NAVIKA THOZHILALI SAMGHAM

Dr. VELUKKUTY ARAYAN

• WHO WAS SERVED AS THE CHIEF MINISTER OF TRAVANCORE-COCHIN DURING 1950-1952

C KESAVAN

• WHO IS MADE BY KOZHENCHERRY SPEECH ON MAY 11 , 1953

C KESAVAN

• THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF C KESAVAN IS

JEEVITHA SAMARAM

• WHO IS POPULARLY KNOWN AS ' BHARATHA KESARI'

MANNATHU PADMANABHAN

• NAIR SERVICE SOCIETY WAS FOUNDED BY

MANNATHU PADMANABHAN ON 0CTOBER 31 ,1914

• WHO WAS THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF NAIR SERVICE SOCIETY

K KELAPPAN

ARGENTINA VS GERMANY

ARGENTINA VS GERMANY HEAD TO HEAD , STATS, HISTORY RECORDS

ARGENTINA
A SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONAL FOOTBALL TEAM WHICH IS KNOWN AS "THE WHITES & SKY BLUES AS THEIR NICKNAMES.
CONTROLLED BY ARGENTINE FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION
PLAYED THEIR FIRST INTERNATIONAL MATCH AGAINST URUGUAY ON 16 TH MAY 1901
HOME STADIUM IS ESTADIO MONUMENTAL ANTONIO VESPUCIO LIBERTI
HEAD COACH -ALEJANDRO SABELLA
APPEARED IN FOUR WORLD CUP FINALS, AND WON 2 TIMES
TOP SCORER FOR ARGENTINA IS GABRIEL BATISTUTA (56)
IN MARCH 2007 , ARGENTINA REACHED THE TOP OF THE FIFA WORLD RANKING FOR THE FIRST TIME

GERMANY
GERMAN NATIONAL FOOTBALL TEAM  REPRESENTED GERMANY IN INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION SINCE 1908
APPEARED IN SEVEN WORLD CUP FINALS AND WON 3 TIMES
TOP SCORER FOR GERMANY  IS MIROSLAV KLOSE (71)
GERMANY IS THE ONLY NATION TO HAVE BOTH THE MEN'S AND WOMEN'S WORLD CUPS
HEAD COACH-JOACHIM LOW

HEAD TO HEAD

STATS

MATCHES PLAYED- 21

                                   ARGENTINA -9

                                   GERMANY    -7

                                   DRAW            -5

RECORDS

                                                             ARGENTINA                           GERMANY

FIFA RANK                                              2                                                  1

HIGHEST FIFA RANK                       1(MARCH 07)                    1(IN 5 OCCASIONS)
WORLD CUP APPEARANCE                   15                                              18
WORLD CUP TITLES                        2(1978 & 1986)                     3(1954,1974,1990)
BIGGEST WIN                              VS ECUADOR (12-0)                 VS RUSSIA (16-0)

ALL MATCHES RESULT

DATE	ARGENTINA	GERMANY
13 JUL 2014	0	1
15 AUG 2012	3	1
03 JUL 2010	0	4
03 MAR 2010	1	0
20 JUN 2006	1(2-PENALTY)	1(4-PENALTY)
21 JUN 2005	2	2
09 FEB 2005	2	2
17 APR 2002	1	0
15 DEC 1993	2	1
08 JUL 1990	0	1
02 APR 1998	0	1
16 DEC 1987	1	0
29 JUN 1986	3	2
12 SEPT 1984	3	1
24 MAR 1982	1	1
01 JAN 1981	2	1
12 SEPT 1979	1	2
05 JUN 1977	1	3
14 FEB 1973	3	2
16 JUL 1966	0	0
08 JUN 1958	1	3

ROAD TO WORLD CUP FINAL 2014

	ARGENTINA	GERMANY
GROUP STAGE	BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 2-1    IRAN 1-0   NIGERIA 3-2	PORTUGAL 4-0 GHANA 2-2 UNITED STATES 1-0
PRE QUARTER STAGE	SWITZERLAND 1-0	ALGERIA 2-1
QUARTER STAGE	BELGIUM 1-0	FRANCE 1-0
SEMI FINAL STAGE	NETHERLANDS 0-0   (4-2 ON PENALTIES)	BRAZIL 7-1

       

RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT

50 RANK MAKING POINTS  ABOUT RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT

• RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT WAS PASSED BY THE INDIAN PARLIAMENT ON

15-06-2005

• RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT COME INTO FORCE ON 

12 TH OCTOBER 2005

• WHICH OFFICER IN THE PUBLIC AUTHORITY PROVIDES INFORMATION

PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICER(P.I.O)

• NAME THREE OBJECTIVES OF THE RTI ACT

TRANSPARENCY,ACCOUNTABILITY, OPENNESS TO ELIMINATE CORRUPTION

• FEE FOR GETTING INFORMATION

RS.10(THOSE WHO ARE BELOW POVERTY LINE ARE EXEMPTED FROM FEES)

• HOW REQUEST FEES SHOULD BE REMITTED

COURT FEES STAMP,TREASURY CHALAN,BANKERS CHEQUE,PAY ORDER,D.D,RECEIPT FROM P.I.O/A.P.I.O

• WITHIN WHAT TIME SHOULD THE INFORMATION BE PROVIDED IN NORMAL CASE

30 DAYS FROM THE DATE OF APPLICATION

• WITHIN WHAT TIME SHOULD THE INFORMATION BE PROVIDED IN CASE A MATTER OF LIFE AND PERSONAL LIBERTY

48 HOURS

• FEES FOR GETTING CD OR FLOPPY IS 

RS.50

• WHAT IS THE FEE PRESCRIBED FOR THE EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS

FOR THE FIRST ONE HOUR NO FEES.RS.10 FOR THE NEXT 30  MINUTES AND IT'S FRACTION

• YOU CAN REQUEST FOR MORE THEN ONE INFORMATION IN A SINGLE APPLICATION
• NOT REQUIRED TO PROVIDE THE REASONS FOR ASKING INFORMATION
• INFORMATION RELATING TO CABINET PAPERS SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO CITIZENS ON REQUEST
• ONLY CITIZENS OF INDIA CAN SEEK INFORMATION
• A Govt.EMPLOYEE CAN SEEK INFORMATION FROM HIS OWN DEPARTMENT
• INSTEAD OF WRITTEN INFORMATION , THE APPLICANT CAN REQUEST FOR PERSONNEL EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS
• ORAL REQUEST IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO SEEK INFORMATION
• THE RTI ACT IS APPLICABLE TO THE HIGH COURT AND SUPREME COURT
• MATERIAL SAMPLES OF PUBLIC WORKS CAN BE DEMANDED UNDER RTI ACT
• WHEN AN APPLICATION IS RECEIVED THROUGH THE A.P.I.O THE TIME LIMIT FOR PROVIDING INFORMATION IS 

35 DAYS

• FEE(COST) WHEN INFORMATION IS SOUGHT IN A4 PAPER IS 

RS.2 PER PAGE

• NO FEES FOR FILING APPEAL
• WITHIN WHAT TIME THE FIRST APPEAL SHOULD BE FILED

30 DAYS FROM THE DECISION OF THE PIO.

• IF THE THE FIRST APPEAL IS IS NOT EFFECTIVE

APPEAL TO THE APPELLATE AUTHORITY/COMPLAIN TO THE INFORMATION COMMISSION

• THE SECOND APPEAL SHOULD BE FILED

WITHIN 90 DAYS

• WHAT IS THE PUNISHMENT FOR NON PRODUCTION OF INFORMATION

RS. 250 TO 25,000 IN ADDITION TO  DEPARTMENTAL INQUIRY AND DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS

• NAME THE STATE WHERE THE RTI ACT IS NOT APPLICABLE

JAMMU AND KASHMIR

• WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE IF THE INFORMATION SOUGHT  IS IN THE CUSTODY OF ANOTHER PUBLIC AUTHORITY

THE P.I.O. SHOULD SEND THE APPLICATION OR RELEVANT PORTION TO THAT PUBLIC AUTHORITY WITHIN FIVE DAYS .HE SHOULD ALSO INFORM THE APPLICANT

• THE ACT WHICH IS REDUCED IN POWER AFTER PASSING OF THE RTI ACT

THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT 1923 

• THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHICH FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT

FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION

• THE FIRST COUNTRY TO PASS RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT

SWEDEN

• MAZDOOR KISAN SHAKTI SANGATHAN( FOUNDED BY ARUNA ROY IN RAJASTAN) IS THE ORGANIZATION WHICH WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN THE PASSAGE OF  THE RTI ACT IN INDIA
• TAMIL NADU IS THE FIRST INDIAN STATE TO PASS RTI ACT (1997)
• THE HEAD QUARTERS OF CENTRAL INFORMATIO COMMISSION IS AT

AUGUST KRANTI BHAVAN , NEW DELHI

• CENTRAL INFORMATION COMMISSION TO BE CONSTITUTED BY THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT THROUGH A GAZETTE NOTIFICATION.
• COMMISSION INCLUDES 1 CHIEF INFORMATION COMMISSION (CIC) AND NOT MORE THAN 10 INFORMATION COMMISSIONERS(IC) WHO WILL BE APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA .
• OATH OF OFFICE WILL BE ADMINISTRATED BY THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA.
• APPOINTMENT COMMITTEE INCLUDES PRIME MINISTER 9CHAIR), LEADER OF THE OPPOSITION IN THE LOK SABHA AND ONE UNION CABINET MINISTER TO BE NOMINATED BY THE PRIME MINISTER. 
• CIC SHALL BE APPOINTED FOR A TERM OF 5 YEARS FROM DATE ON WHICH HE ENTERS UPON HIS OFFICE OR TILL HE ATTAINS THE AGE OF 65 YEARS,WHICHEVER IS EARLIER. CIC IS NOT ELIGIBLE FOR RE APPOINTMENT.
• SALARY WILL BE SAME AS THAT OF THE ELECTION COMMISSIONER(SALARY OF INFORMATION COMMISSIONER WILL BE SAME AS THAT OF THE ELECTION COMMISSIONER).
•  THE CHIEF INFORMATION COMMISSIONER OR ANY INFORMATION COMMISSIONER SHALL BE REMOVED FROM HIS OFFICE ONLY BY  ORDER OF THE PRESIDENT. (ON THE GROUND OF INCAPACITY OR PROVED MIS-BEHAVIOR AFTER AN ENQUIRY REPORT MADE BY THE SUPREME COURT)

• THE STATE INFORMATION COMMISSION WILL BE CONSTITUTED BY THE STATE GOVERNMENT THROUGH A GAZETTE NOTIFICATION.
• IT WILL HAVE ONE STATE CHIEF INFORMATION COMMISSIONER(SCIC) AND NOT MORE THAN 10 STATE INFORMATION (SIC) TO BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR.
• OATH OF OFFICE WILL BE ADMINISTERED BY THE GOVERNOR. 
• THE APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE WILL BE HEADED BY THE CHIEF MINISTER.OTHER MEMBERS INCLUDE  THE LEADER OF THE OPPOSITION IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY AND ONE CABINET MINISTER  NOMINATED BY THE CHIEF MINISTER. 
• THE SALARY OF THE STATE CHIEF INFORMATION COMMISSIONER WILL BE THE SAME AS THAT OF AN ELECTION COMMISSIONER. THE SALARY OF THE STATE INFORMATION  COMMISSIONER WILL BE THE SAME AS THAT  OF THE CHIEF SECRETARY OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT.
• THE STATE CHIEF INFORMATION COMMISSIONER OR A STATE INFORMATION COMMISSIONER SHALL BE REMOVED FROM HIS OFFICE ONLY BY ORDER OF THE GOVERNOR ( ON THE GROUND OF INCAPACITY OR PROVED MISBEHAVIOR AFTER AN ENQUIRY REPORT MADE BY THE SUPREME COURT.)

• KERALA STATE INFORMATION COMMISSION WAS FORMED ON 19-12-2005
• FIRST CENTRAL CHIEF INFORMATION COMMISSIONER 

WAJAHAT HABIBULLAH

• SECOND CENTRAL CHIEF INFORMATION COMMISSIONER

A.N.TIWARI

• FIRST WOMEN CENTRAL CHIEF INFORMATION COMMISSIONER

DEEPAK SANDHU

• SECOND WOMEN CENTRAL CHIEF INFORMATION COMMISSIONER

SUSHMA SINGH

• PRESENT CENTRAL CHIEF INFORMATION COMMISSIONER

RAJIV MATHUR
                  

                  OTHER MEMBERS;-
VIJAI SHARMA , BASANT SETH , YASHOVARDHAN AZAD , SHARAT SABHARWAL, MANJULA PRASHER , M.A.KHAN YUSUFI , MADABHUSHANAM SRIDHAR ACHARYULU.

• FIRST CHIEF INFORMATION COMMISSIONER OF KERALA

PALAT MOHANDAS

• PRESENT CHIEF ELECTION COMMISSIONER OF KERALA 

Dr. SIBY MATHEWS

              

               OTHER MEMBERS :-

M N GUNAVARDHANAN , SONI THENGAMOM , C.S. SASIKUMAR , Dr. KURIAS KUMBALAKUZHY , K NATARAJAN